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in time和on time区别

admin — Fri, 30 Oct 2009 05:38:02 +0000

in time是及时，on time是按时。

in time与on time的区别

in time有”及时;迟早”的意思,意指正赶上时候或恰在需要的时候,或解释为”终有一天;最后”;

on time是”准时;按时”之意。如:

We were just in time to catch the bus.(我们及时赶上了公共汽车)

The train pulled in on time.(火车准时到站了)

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because, since, as, for表"因为"时的用法

admin — Thu, 29 Oct 2009 05:28:04 +0000

1.because表示直接原因,别人不知道的原因;
2.since 强调双方已知,无需多解释的原因;
3.as 跟 since 相似, 语气比 since 弱;
4.for 跟 because 用法相似,但for表示的是猜测的原因,不是直接肯定的原因。

如：

1.Because she’s ill,she can’t go to my home.因为她病了,所以她没有来我家.

2.Since everyboby is here,let’s begin our meeting.
既然大家都到了,那就开始开会吧.

3.Day breaks,for the birds are singing.
因为鸟儿在唱歌了,天可能亮了.

4.As he was not well,i decided to go without him.
由于他身体不太好,我决定不带他去.

because, as, for, since这几个词都是表示“原因”的连词，语气由强至弱依次为：because→since→as→for;其中because, since, as均为从属连词，引导原因状语从句；而for 是并列连词，引导并列句。

1. because表示直接原因，它所指的原因通常是听话人所不知道的，其语气最强。常用来回答why的提问，一般放于主句之后，也可以单独存在。例如：

(1)I stayed at home because it rained. 因为下雨我呆在家里。

(2)Because Lingling was ill, she didn’t come to school. 玲玲因病，没有上学。

(3)—Why is she absent? 她为什么缺席？

—Because she is sick. 因为她病了。

此外，在强调句型中，只能用because。例如：

(4)It was because I missed the early bus that I was late for school. 我上学迟到是因为我没有赶上早班汽车。

2. since侧重主句，从句表示显然的或已为人所知的理由，常译为“因为”、“既然”，语气比because稍弱，通常置于句首，表示一种含有勉强语气的原因。例如：

(1)Since he asks you, you’ll tell him why. 他既然问你，那就告诉他为什么吧。

(2)Since everyone is here, let’s start. 既然大家都到齐了，我们就出发吧！

(3)Since I understood very little Japanese, I couldn’t follow the conversation. 我日语懂得不多，因而听不懂对话。

3. as是常用词，它表示的“原因”是双方已知的事实或显而易见的原因，或者理由不是很重要，含义与since相同，但语气更弱，没有since正式，常译为“由于，鉴于”。从句说明原因，主句说明结果，主从并重。例如：

(1)We all like her as she is kind. 我们都喜欢她，因为她善良。

(2)As I had a cold, I was absent from school. 因为我感冒了，所以没去上课。

(3)As Xiaowang was not ready, we went without him. 由于小王没有准备好，我们只好不带他去了。

4. for用作连词时，与because相似，但它所表示的原因往往提供上文未交待过的情况。for不表示直接原因，表明附加或推断的理由，因此for被看作等立连词，它所引导的分句只能放在句子后部(或单独成为一个句子)，并且前后两个分句间的逻辑关系不一定是因果关系，其间用逗号隔开，且for不可置于句首，for的这一用法常用在书面语中，较正式。例如：

(1)The days are short, for it is now December. 白天短了，因为现在已是十二月份。

(2)It must have rained, for the ground is wet. (从“地面潮湿”作出“下过雨”的推测，但地湿并不一定是下雨所致, for不可以换为because。)

(3)The ground is wet because it has rained. (“下雨”是“地上潮湿”的直接原因。)

前后两个分句间有一定的因果关系时(有时很难区分是直接原因，还是推测性原因)，for与because可以互换使用。例如：

(4)I could not go, for / because I was ill. 我没能去，是因为我病了。

(5)He felt no fear, for / because he was a brave boy. 他没有害怕，因为他是个勇敢的男孩。

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商务英语 — 如何与不同文化背景的人谈判

admin — Wed, 21 Oct 2009 11:02:12 +0000

Negotiating with People from Different Backgrounds Than Your Own

1.In situations where English is used as an international language by native and non-native speakers,the native speakers will tend to dominate the discussion because usually they have more language fluency.If this is in your favor, fine, but if you or memebers of your team are at a disadvantage in this respect, use an interpreter.

英语是世界通用的语言,如果英语不是你的优势,那么最好还是聘请一位口译人员。

2.In cross-cultural settings, play it safe: dress up for the meeting, take a partner and ask the organizer in advance to seat you both next to somebody important although you don’t phrase your request in those words. For instance, if you have met one of the VIPs before, even under the most trivial circumstances, memtion you know this person and would likt to sit near them.

穿得正式些,带上你的伙伴,请求组织者安排你坐在某个重要人物的身边。例如，你曾经遇见过某个VIP，告诉他你认识他，并且希望可以坐在他的旁边。

3.The use of first names may be fine for Americans and Australians; otherwise avoid it unless you are specifically invited to call somebody by their first name.

用名字而不是用姓来称呼美国人和澳大利亚人是可以的，如果对方不是美国人或者澳大利亚人，最好还是避免，除非别人希望你用名字来称呼他。

4.A popular adage is that Japanese begin a speech with an apology, Americans begin with a joke. Jokes are usually culture-specific and people from other cultures often don’t find them funny. Unless you are sure of your audience, cut out the funny stuff.

日本人用道歉的方式来开始他们的演讲，美国人用开玩笑的方式来开始他们的演讲。但玩笑是有文化差异的，对于其它国家文化的人来说，他们并不觉得这些玩笑有趣。除非你了解你的观众，否则的话停止你的玩笑吧。

5.Some cultures value interdependence, others independence. Japanese instinctively look at each other for support or confirmation before they express any opinion. Howerver this interdependent behaviour can appear to Americans to lack confidence. British negotiators tend to act as a team and Frence people as individuals. Italians are inclined to refer to each other, but Germans are not . In these international settings, the safest tactic is to be consultative, not individualistic.

有些文化侧重于互相依赖,而有些文化则侧重于独立。日本人在发表他们的意见之前通常会本能地寻求获得他人的支持和批准。但这些依赖性的行为在美国人里看来是缺乏自信的。英国人喜欢以一个团队的形式进行谈判，而法国人则喜欢独立一人进行谈判。意大利人倾向于互相借鉴，但德国人却不是如此。在这些国际环境中，最安全的策略是要协商，而不是个人主义。

6.Don’t express your personal opinions on anything. It is so easy to give offence if you don’t know the cultural context. Instead, say something like:”I have heard that…” or “Somebody told me that…” ; or “I think it is generally accepted that…”. If you want to pay somebody a compliment, or an insult, do it indirectly.

请不要随意发表个人意见。在你不熟悉文化背景的条件下，这样做很容易会冒犯他人。其实我们可以换一种方式来表达，如：“我曾经听说过…” 或者 “有人告诉我…”；或者 “ 我想大家普遍认为…” 。如果你想称赞别人，或者是攻击别人，请间接的表达你的想法。

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